The Issue Over Medical Marijuana - 1378 Words

Over the past decade, the debate over medical marijuana has heated up fiercely. What was once a fringe-issue has cemented itself in the foreground of American politics. As the laws currently stand, the plant is still considered illegal on the federal level. The Drug Enforcement Agency, or DEA, classifies marijuana in the same group harmful drugs like heroin and ecstasy by labeling it as a Schedule I substance. According to the DEA, Schedule 1 substances are â€Å"drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Schedule I drugs are the most dangerous drugs of all the drug schedules with potentially severe psychological or physical dependence.† (DEA). While the current federal laws oppose medical marijuana, it is†¦show more content†¦As mentioned earlier, the DEA considers marijuana to have no value as a medicine. The truth is, however, that marijuana does have significant medical value. Value that we have only begun to scratch the surface of because of the restrictions the government has in place. In an interview on NPR radio, Dr. David Casarett goes as far as saying â€Å"There s no question that the war on drugs has set back medical marijuana research and cannabinoid research in general by probably decades. Marijuana in the United States is classified as a Schedule 1 substance, which is reserved for those substances like heroin that have significant risks, including the risk of addiction, but, in theory, [have] no medical benefits. And that categorization really has slowed down the process of research. It s been hard to get medical marijuana; it s been hard to do clinical trials; it has left a lot of patients essen tially to their own devices.† (NPR). Despite the hurdles the federal government has long surrounded the study of marijuana with, discoveries have been made, and relief has been granted to countless individuals. Relief to people like chemotherapy and HIV patients that have lost their appetite, who upon beginning their treatment with marijuana, were finding themselves able to eat again. In fact, beyond assisting with appetite issues in cancer patients, early studies show the active ingredient in marijuana, THC, causes death in cancer causing cells

Losing Control Essay - 898 Words

Some people may say that having control over someone or something can bring satisfaction and a sense of power. In the an article called â€Å"Gunman Kills Himself After Hostage Drama (584)† written by Charles P. Wallace and Tim Waters loss of control and the feeling of being helplessness makes Robert B. Rose commit a last act of asserting control over himself. In another article written by Martin E.P. Seligman called â€Å"On Learned Helplessness (585)† the feeling of loosing control of oneself is something that can cause someone to do things that they thought they would never do. What is hard to understand is that some of the things the someone may commit may implicate the lives of others in a negative way and the ending result could be death.†¦show more content†¦In the case of Robert, he was determined to gain, back some of the control that he had loosed of himself to his debilitating illness. â€Å"Rose checked into the hotel late Saturday night, went out and returned with the seventeenth year-old, and went to his room (584)†. Robert was in a state of depression Seligman would say that he was experiencing â€Å"a drive for competence is from m point of view, a drive to avoid helplessness (586)†. Robert wanted to regain control of his life so by holding hostage the seventeen-year-old girl he felt that he had regained control over her. In a â€Å"police department said, he pointed the rifle at the girl, threatened her life, warned that he would commit suicide, and ordered her to take off her clothes (584)† after she took off her cloths he threw them out the window by doing this he had total control over the girl and that was what he wanted. Rose new he had no control over his life due to the illness that hindered him but he wanted that control that he lost over his life back. As he held the girl hostage, he played out certain events that gave him a sense of control which witch is what he wanted. As police n egotiated with him â€Å"Rose reportedly asked to see a Roman Catholic, priest and have food brought to the room (585)† by doing this he was gaining control of the situation at hand because the police wasShow MoreRelatedFear of Losing Control1329 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagers, cited a lack of management visibility and support as a major impediment to change. 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Mental Health Problem Of Mildura Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Problem Of Mildura. Answer: Mental illness of parents poses a serious challenge to the quality of life (QoL) of parents and their children. Improving QoL is an important political and public health concern (Bee et al., 2014). The following essay aims to highlight the mental health complications among the adults population of Mildura, the possible interventions for steady recovery and the role of anoccupational therapist in mental health recovery. Mental Health: Parents in Mildura According to the Victorias Mental Health Services Annual Report (2016-2017), 11 % of the Victorian population suffers from mental health complications and the majority of them are adults. Among this 11% of population, half of them are women and 33% of them reside in rural areas like Mildura. According to Van Loon et al., (2014), children of parents suffering from mental health problems are highly susceptible towards developing psychological problems. This is because the child interaction with parents with mental health is not healthy moreover, the family environments with parents with mental illness is negative, which cast an adverse impact on the child. Thus parental monitoring must get a detailed focus in present mental health interventions in Vitoria in order to safe guard adolescents with mentally ill parents from developing similar problems (Van Loon, Van de Ven, Van Doesum, WittemanHosman2014). Health promotion strategies Lifestyle Medicine: Mental health and stress are closely associated with unhealthy lifestyles. Thus, healthy behaviour interventions contribute to physical and mental health along with the management of stress (Min, Lee Lee, 2013). With expand in occurrence of the lifestyle disease, therapeutic changes in lifestyle have now become the prime focus for physical and mental health promotion. Thus life change aimed towards smoking, consumption of alcohol, physical activity, healthy diet, stress management, obesity and stress management (Min, Lee Lee, 2013). Stress management and skills training: Management of stress of daily life and adding towards recovery through adverse health effects are important factors in mental health promotion. Interplay of mind, brain and body in involved in generation of stress and thus interventions designed over mind-body medicine is recommended as an important medium for managing stress (Min, Lee Lee, 2013). Community intervention: Community interventions deal with expand in public awareness about mental health which will help to expand the acceptance of the mental health care for prevention and promotion of the mental health illness (Min, Lee Lee, 2013). Victoria State Government is also in favour of the community interventions toward the improvement of the mental health of the adult populations (Victoria State Government, 2017). Other strategies that can be implemented for mental health recovery or prevention include preventive consultation and positive psychotherapy (Min, Lee Lee, 2013). Kalra et al. (2012), have vouched in favour of improvement of coping strategies in order to reduce stress induced by mental illness. Person centred care or targeted interventions at individuals may also derive positive results (Kalra et al., 2012).Hagenet al. (2012) has opined that evidence-based online mental health promotion an helpful strategy for mental health prevention and treatment. Analysis of five selectedhealth promotion strategies Lifestyle medicine is one of the important mental health strategies because, according to Department of Health Australia (2017), majority of the population in Vitoria abides unhealthy lifestyle life smoking, consumption of alcohol and this are main factors behind the mental health complication among the adult population. Moreover, according to National Mental Health Consumer and Carer Forum Australia (2014), people with complications in mental health are commonly smoke tobacco in comparison to the general population and this tendency is likely to aggravate the mental health complications further. Taylor et al. (2014), has opined that prevention of smoking or prevention against consumption of alcohol will help the people suffering from mental illness to recover faster. Smoking of cigarette is a crucial preventable risk for mental illnesses. Severity, assessment of patients dependence and willingness to quit smoking, behavioural intervention along with proper knowledge, motivational interviewing and accurate pharmacotherapy will be useful evidence-based approaches. Moreover, counselling and education for low-risk alcohol consumption could to be procured in lifestyle medicine interventions (Min, Lee Lee, 2013). According to Taylor et al. (2014), cessation of smoking is related with reduced anxiety, stress and depression. this in turn helps in promotion of positive mindset and quality of life. Stress management and skills training Stress is the major stigma behind the generation of depressive symptoms and these gradually aggravates into complex mental illness like anxiety (Heim Binder, 2012). Moreover parent stress either arising out of mental illness or responsible for mental illness cast immense impact upon their children. According to Heim and Binder (2012), stress in early stages of life like childhood abuse or parental neglect is a well-established and major risk behind generating depressive disorders in the later stages of life. Hence coping up with adult stress and stress related mental illness of the parents is crucial for better outcome of the children during the developmental stages. Cognitive behavioural approaches or cognitive-behavioural stress management (CBSM) and subsequent skill training is useful for speedy recovery from mental health illness. CBSM promotes strong cognitive and emotional reactivity. It also helps in moderate mindfulness and rumination. Other approaches that are frequently undertaken for optimal management of stress include breathing (abdominal breathing) and relaxation exercises (progressive muscle relaxation) (Gu, Strauss, Bond Cavanagh, 2015) The main goal of this therapy is eradication of irrational thought pattern and replacing the same with rational thoughts. This in turn assists people to cope-up with stress, illness and pain while increase sustained attention towards moment-to-moment experiences (Min, Lee Lee, 2013). Community intervention For the majority of physiological diseases, it is largely accepted that population will benefit via knowing the nature of actions that are required to be undertaken for prevention of the physical disease, early stage intervention, and subsequent treatment. But, similar type of public knowledge in the domain of mental health disorders (mental health literacy) has received significantly less attention. So community based interventions will help to increase the proper knowledge and adequate awareness of mental health disorders among the population of Mildura (Jorm, 2012). Community based mental health approach mostly involve mental health literacy for example interventions in the educational settings, whole-community campaigns and Mental Health First Aid training. Moreover, increasing community based mental health literacy is required to be focused on the national policy and monitoring of population because, the whole community is entitled to under-take effective actions for better mental health outcomes (Jorm, 2012). The community based interventions in mental health disorders or illness will help to increase public's knowledge regarding how to restrict mental disorders, proper recognition about the disorder for example how it is developing, proper education about help-seeking options and the available treatments, adequate knowledge about the effective self-help strategies for mild mental health problems, and optimal first aid skills to assist others who are suffering from mental health problems (Jorm, 2012). Preventive consultation and positive psychotherapy is important mental health prevention as it aims to reduce the vulnerability to depression and anxiety. Positive psychotherapy comprises of 8 to 12 sessions which will focus on self-observation, skill development and sustaining attention towards daily life experiences. Positive psychotherapy aims to improve engagement, positive emotion and thereby improving quality of life(Min, Lee Lee, 2013). Person centred care maximizes the health coverage for both non-communicable diseases and mental disorders. It is helpful in treating mental health disorders like depression and alcohol use disorders that occurs in association with the non-communicable diseases like heart disease and diabetes (Patel Chatterji, 2015). PCC is procured via systematic care and support planning. Optimised implementation of PCC helps in the improvement of wellbeing via developing positive sense of control (Eaton, Roberts Turner, 2015). Linkage between the interventions CBSM is one of the principal approaches used against stress management interventions (Stead et al., 2016). According to the reports published by Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer and Fang (2012), cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a famous therapeutic approach that can be utilised to a variety of problems like substance use disorders, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, bipolar disorder, anger, aggression and other related psychotic disorders. Application of CBT under the framework of PCC will help to reduction mental health illness and associated non-communicable disease(Hofmann et al., 2012). The majority of people take help of alcohol or cigarette in order to cope up with stress (Stead et al., 2016). Research reports published by Stead et al. (2016), stated that behavioural support along with positive psychotherapyalong with medications help people to get rid of stress and thereby aiding them to quit smoking. Thus stress management and life medici nes interventions will work in sync in order to protect the adult population of Mildura from the severity of the mental health illness. Furthermore Jorm (2012), is of the opinion that promotion of mental health literacy will help to generate awareness in the domain of mental health complications and thus the people will become more serious about their lifestyle and this will reduce occurrence of mental illness. Ottawa Charter has five key strategies for health promotion and this include building healthy public policy (lifestyle medicines), creating supportive environments (person centred care and positive psychotherapy), strengthening community action (community interventions), and developing personal skills (stress management) and reorient health services. Under these five strategies, all the above-discussed interventions are linked and this will help in procuring comprehensive mental health outcome. For example, Ottawa Charter aims to provide a focused development of personal skills along with the encouragement towards participating individual to change their lifestyle while taking responsibility for their own health (Mittelmark Bull, 2013;Mcluckie, et al, 2014). Strategies and health promotion values The aim of these interventions is to reduce the mental health illness among the adult populations in Australia and this will in turn help to reduce adverse mental and physical health outcomes on the upcoming populations. Thus these interventions are in accordance with the National Mental Health Strategy of Australia (2017) which aims to reduce the impact of the mental health disorders on the individuals, community and family members. Moreover, the National Mental Health Strategy of Australia (2017) also aims to prevent the development of the mental health disorder sand associated non-communicable disease among the population. Whiteford et al. (2013) have highlight the increase of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet and lifestyles in response to stress management as the major contributing factors behind the global burden of mental health complications. The research carried by L Cook et al. (2014), stated that quitting smoking along with reducing consumption of alcoh ol to reduce the mental health complications and this in turn is linked with the reduction in occurrence of non-communicable disease. Values of occupational therapists (OT) to address mental health issues Strong evidence exists at the universal level towards the importance of occupation-and activity-based interventions in numerous areas like programs focused on emotional and social learning and stress management activities (Arbesman, Bazyk Nochajski, 2013). At the target population level, firmg evidence suggests that life skills and social programs are effective for the adults populations who are married and have children. Additionally evidence of social skills programs is strong for the adult population who require assistance at intensive level (serious behaviour disorders, autism spectrum disorder) in order to improve self-management and social behaviour (Arbesman, BazykNochajski, 2013). According to Scheewe et al. (2013), OT nurtures a value towards the observance of the exercise therapy towards the success recovery from the mental health complications. Exercise therapy performed once a week helped to improve the physical fitness and this in turn reduced need of care in patients ( Scheewe et al. 2013). Analysis of the approaches undertaken by OT The main advantage of using exercise in mental health recovery is helps in the release of stress relieving hormones. According to Morgan et al. (2013), reduction in stress helps to fight against mental health severity and also helps in reducing the urging of smoke (Morgan et al., 2013). Rashedi, Gharib Yazdani, (2014) is of the opinion that social participation and interaction helps in the reducing social exclusion among the mentally ill patients and this in turn help them to share their problems and thereby helping in speedy recovery via framing person-centred care. However, the disadvantages of social participation is, it may results in social bullying and thus further increasing the complications of mental health Rashedi, GharibYazdani, 2014). On the other hand, exercise regime may increase the level of fatigue among the patients. According to Naess, Lunde Brogger, (2012) increase in fatigue turn may aggravate the sense of depression further complicating the state of mental health. Challenges of OT The main challenges which an OT face include lack of proper job satisfaction and high rate of burn-out (Scanlan Still, 2013). However, in case of mental health occupational therapists, while providing social support in order to improve the social behaviour, they experiences verbal abuses coming from the participants. This abuse delays the recovery-oriented practice while increasing the burnout and turn-over among the OT (Slade et al., 2014). Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that in order to control the mental health complications among the adult population of Mildura, proper synchronization of the mental health improvement strategies are required. However, apart from mental health prevention strategies, active participations from the occupational therapists will aggravate the process of recovery. References Arbesman, M., Bazyk, S., Nochajski, S. M. (2013).Systematic review of occupational therapy and mental health promotion, prevention, and intervention for children and youth.American Journal of Occupational Therapy,67(6), e120-e130.doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.008359 Bee, P., Bower, P., Byford, S., Churchill, R., Calam, R., Stallard, P., ... Abel, K. (2014). The clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of community-based interventions aimed at improving or maintaining quality of life in children of parents with serious mental illness: a systematic review. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK261590/ Department of Health Australia.(2017). Evaluation Of The National Mental Health Strategy.Promotion and prevention.Accessed date: 12th March. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-e-strateval-toc~mental-pubs-e-strateval-pro Eaton, S., Roberts, S., Turner, B. (2015). Delivering person centred care in long term conditions.Bmj,350, h181.doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h181 Government of Australia-Department of Health.(2017). National mental health strategy.Accessed date: 13th March. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/mental-strat Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies.Clinical psychology review,37, 1-12.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006 Hagen, P., Collin, P., Metcalf, A., Nicholas, M., Rahilly, K., Swainston, N. (2012).Participatory design of evidence-based online youth mental health promotion, intervention and treatment. Abbotsford, Vic.: Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre. Retrieved from https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/141862/20160405-1343/www.youngandwellcrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Young_and_Well_CRC_IM_PD_Guide.pdf Heim, C., Binder, E. B. (2012). Current research trends in early life stress and depression: Review of human studies on sensitive periods, geneenvironment interactions, and epigenetics.Experimental neurology,233(1), 102-111.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.032 Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses.Cognitive therapy and research,36(5), 427-440.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1 Jorm, A. F. (2012). Mental health literacy: empowering the community to take action for better mental health.American Psychologist,67(3), 231.Retrieved from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-24866-001 Kalra, G., Christodoulou, G., Jenkins, R., Tsipas, V., Christodoulou, N., Lecic-Tosevski, D., ...Bhugra, D. (2012). Mental health promotion: guidance and strategies.European Psychiatry,27(2), 81-86. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.10.001 L Cook, B., Wayne, G. F., Kafali, E. N., Liu, Z., Shu, C., Flores, M. (2014).Trends in smoking among adults with mental illness and association between mental health treatment and smoking cessation.Jama,311(2), 172-182. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284985 Mcluckie, A., Kutcher, S., Wei, Y., Weaver, C. (2014). Sustained improvements in students mental health literacy with use of a mental health curriculum in Canadian schools.BMC psychiatry,14(1), 379.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0379-4 Min, J. A., Lee, C. U., Lee, C. (2013). Mental health promotion and illness prevention: a challenge for psychiatrists.Psychiatry investigation,10(4), 307-316.doi:10.4306/pi.2013.10.4.307 Mittelmark, M. B., Bull, T. (2013).The salutogenic model of health in health promotion research.Global Health Promotion,20(2), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975913486684 Morgan, A. J., Parker, A. G., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Jorm, A. F. (2013). Exercise and Mental Health: An Exercise and Sports Science Australia Commissioned Review.Journal of Exercise Physiology Online,16(4). Retrieved from: https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/JEPonlineAUGUST2013_Morgan.pdf Naess, H., Lunde, L., Brogger, J. (2012). The effects of fatigue, pain, and depression on quality of life in ischemic stroke patients: the Bergen Stroke Study.Vascular health and risk management,8, 407. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S32780 National Mental Health Consumer and Carer Forum Australia.(2014). Smoking and Mental Health.Accessed date: 12th March. Retrieved from: https://nmhccf.org.au/sites/default/files/docs/nmhccf_-_advoacy_brief_-_smoking_-_february_2014.pdf Patel, V., Chatterji, S. (2015).Integrating mental health in care for noncommunicable diseases: an imperative for person-centered care.Health Affairs,34(9), 1498-1505. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0791 Rashedi, V., Gharib, M., Yazdani, A. A. (2014).Social participation and mental health among older adults in Iran.Iranian Rehabilitation Journal,12(1), 9-13. Retrieved from: https://irj.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-131-4slc_lang=ensid=1 Scanlan, J. N., Still, M. (2013).Job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention in occupational therapists working in mental health.Australian occupational therapy journal,60(5), 310-318.DOI:10.1111/1440-1630.12067 Scheewe, T. W., Backx, F. J. G., Takken, T., Jrg, F., Strater, A. V., Kroes, A. G., ... Cahn, W. (2013). Exercise therapy improves mental and physical health in schizophrenia: a randomised controlled trial.ActaPsychiatricaScandinavica,127(6), 464-473. DOI:10.1111/acps.12029 Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., ... Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. DOI:10.1002/wps.20084 Stead, L. F., Koilpillai, P., Fanshawe, T. R., Lancaster, T. (2016).Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation.The Cochrane Library.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub3 Taylor, G., McNeill, A., Girling, A., Farley, A., Lindson-Hawley, N., Aveyard, P. (2014). Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis.Bmj,348, g1151.doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1151 Van Loon, L. M., Van de Ven, M. O., Van Doesum, K. T., Witteman, C. L., Hosman, C. M. (2014). The relation between parental mental illness and adolescent mental health: The role of family factors.Journal of Child and Family Studies,23(7), 1201-1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9781-7 Victoria State Government. (2017). Community Interventions: Mental Health. Accessed date: 12th March. Retrieved from: https://prevention.health.vic.gov.au/ Victoria State Government.(2017). Victorias Mental Health Services Annual Report 2016-2017. Accessed date: 12th March. Retrieved from: https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/mental-health/priorities-and-transformation/mental-health-annual-report Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., ... Burstein, R. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The Lancet,382(9904), 1575-1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6